Battery Pack 48-Cell 6x8 Module (dim=508)

def _four_stage_decomposition(alpha_sei, alpha_ae, alpha_ca, alpha_el, T):
    k_sei = _arrhenius_rate(_A_SEI, _E_SEI, T)
    k_ae = _arrhenius_rate(_A_AE, _E_AE, T)
    k_ca = _arrhenius_rate(_A_CA, _E_CA, T)
    k_el = _arrhenius_rate(_A_EL, _E_EL, T)

    d_sei = -k_sei * alpha_sei
    d_ae = k_ae * alpha_ae * (1.0 - alpha_ae)
    if alpha_ae < 1e-12 and alpha_sei < 0.15 - 1e-6:
        d_ae = k_ae * 1e-6
    d_ca = k_ca * (1.0 - alpha_ca)
    d_el = k_el * (1.0 - alpha_el)

    q_dot = (_Q_SEI * _W_SEI * abs(d_sei)
             + _Q_AE * _W_AE * d_ae
             + _Q_CA * _W_CA * d_ca
             + _Q_EL * _W_EL * d_el)

    return d_sei, d_ae, d_ca, d_el, q_dot

def _single_cell_4stage(state, T_amb_eff):
    """4-stage dynamics for one cell. Returns (dy[8], q_gen)."""
    alpha_sei = np.clip(state[0], 0.0, 1.0)
    alpha_ae = np.clip(state[1], 0.0, 1.0)
    alpha_ca = np.clip(state[2], 0.0, 1.0)
    alpha_el = np.clip(state[3], 0.0, 1.0)
    T = np.clip(state[4], 250.0, 2000.0)

    d_sei, d_ae, d_ca, d_el, q_dot = _four_stage_decomposition(
        alpha_sei, alpha_ae, alpha_ca, alpha_el, T)

    q_gen = q_dot * _M_CELL
    q_cool = _H_CONV * _A_SURF * (T - T_amb_eff)
    dT = (q_gen - q_cool) / (_M_CELL * _CP)
    dQ = q_gen

    n_gas_max = 0.01
    n_gas = alpha_el * n_gas_max
    dn_gas = n_gas_max * d_el
    dP = (dn_gas * _R_GAS * T + n_gas * _R_GAS * dT) / _V_HEAD

    dR = _R0 * (0.5 * abs(d_sei) + 2.0 * d_ae)

    dy = np.empty(8)
    dy[0] = d_sei
    dy[1] = d_ae
    dy[2] = d_ca
    dy[3] = d_el
    dy[4] = dT
    dy[5] = dQ
    dy[6] = dP
    dy[7] = dR
    return dy, q_gen

def _bp48_rhs(t, y):
    cells = [y[i * _CELL_DIM_4STAGE:(i + 1) * _CELL_DIM_4STAGE]
             for i in range(_BP48_N_CELLS)]
    T = np.array([np.clip(cells[i][4], 250.0, 2000.0)
                  for i in range(_BP48_N_CELLS)])

    flux_offset = _BP48_CELL_BLOCK
    loss_offset = flux_offset + _BP48_N_TRACKED
    q_tracked = y[flux_offset:loss_offset]
    q_loss = y[loss_offset:]

    dy = np.zeros(_BP48_DIM)

    cell_dy = []
    for i in range(_BP48_N_CELLS):
        cdy, _ = _single_cell_4stage(cells[i], _T_AMB)
        cell_dy.append(cdy)

    # Couple all 82 edges (conduction + radiation); track first 76
    for edge_idx, (ci, cj) in enumerate(_BP48_EDGES):
        q_cond = _BP48_K_CONTACT * _BP48_A_CONTACT * (T[ci] - T[cj]) / _BP48_D_GAP
        q_rad = _SIGMA * _EMISSIVITY * _BP48_A_CONTACT * (T[ci]**4 - T[cj]**4)
        q_total = q_cond + q_rad

        cell_dy[ci][4] -= q_total / (_M_CELL * _CP)
        cell_dy[cj][4] += q_total / (_M_CELL * _CP)

        if edge_idx < _BP48_N_TRACKED:
            tau_flux = 0.1
            dy[flux_offset + edge_idx] = (q_total - q_tracked[edge_idx]) / tau_flux

    # Pack cell derivatives and loss trackers
    for i in range(_BP48_N_CELLS):
        dy[i * _CELL_DIM_4STAGE:(i + 1) * _CELL_DIM_4STAGE] = cell_dy[i]
        q_loss_actual = _BP48_H_LOSS * _BP48_A_EXT * (T[i] - _T_AMB)
        dy[loss_offset + i] = (q_loss_actual - q_loss[i]) / 1.0

    return dy